Company history

Square Enix did not begin as a game company at all. In February 1980 Yasuhiro Fukushima set up a real-estate firm, Eidansha Fudosan, in the Toranomon district of Tokyo with ¥5 million of capital. It turned to PC software in August 1981 as Eidansha System and became Enix in August 1982. Fukushima had come from the recruitment-advertising business, and that background shaped a deliberate design choice: Enix would keep no development studio of its own, sourcing projects from outside creators and publishing them — a games maker built like a publishing house.

The defining act was the 1982 “Game Hobby Program Contest.” From the entries Enix found Yuji Horii (later the creator of Dragon Quest), Koichi Nakamura (founder of Chunsoft) and Kazuro Morita, and commissioned them to build Famicom titles. Dragon Quest (May 1986) was a collaboration of outside talent — Horii’s scenario, Nakamura’s Chunsoft on code, Akira Toriyama’s character design, Koichi Sugiyama’s music — with Enix itself acting only as producer, handling planning, sales and marketing. Holding no programmers in-house kept fixed costs light, and that became the backbone of the Enix model.

This producer model set Enix apart from its peers. Square, spun off in September 1986, carried its own in-house studios and shipped Final Fantasy in 1987; Namco, Konami and Capcom were likewise manufacturers with internal development. Enix alone ran an asset-light, outside-IP publisher model, and its low fixed costs kept it profitable even through rivals’ lean years. It registered over-the-counter on the JSDA in February 1991 and listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange First Section in August 1999.

The merger was born of a crisis on the other side. Talks began after Square’s film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (July 2001) flopped, forcing an extraordinary loss of about $113.6M (¥14bn) in the year to March 2001. Square’s in-house model front-loaded console development and swung widely hit-to-miss; asset-light Enix stayed steadily profitable. Enix led the talks, and the deal closed on a merger ratio of 1 (Enix) to 0.85 (Square). On 1 April 2003 Enix absorbed Square to form Square Enix, with Yoichi Wada, from the Enix side, as president; Fukushima stepped back from the board. Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest — the two crowns of the Japanese RPG — now sat in a single company.

But the merger also brought in Square’s in-house studios, turning the asset-light publisher into a hybrid that carried its own development, higher fixed costs, and the structural risk of losses in years without hits. Wada made M&A the pillar of strategy. In September 2005 he brought in Taito — the 1953 arcade veteran behind Space Invaders — taking full control by March 2006 to add a real-world arcade network as a second revenue source. In October 2008 the group reorganized into a pure holding company, Square Enix Holdings, spanning games, amusement, publishing and rights-property.

Then came the 100% ownership bet. In April 2009 Square Enix fully acquired Britain’s Eidos — Tomb Raider, Hitman, Deus Ex, with studios Crystal Dynamics, IO Interactive and Eidos Montreal — for roughly $128.3M (¥12bn). Wada’s explicit doctrine was to take overseas IP and studios as wholly-owned subsidiaries so headquarters could steer them fast, adding a Western console-development axis to the Japanese IP. But running loss-making studios in-house permanently lifted fixed costs, and the price surfaced in the year to March 2013, when the group booked a net loss of about $140.4M (¥14bn) on goodwill and content write-downs. Wada resigned that June, and Yosuke Matsuda became president — the first change of leadership since the merger.

Matsuda’s first task was to tighten control of the content-production account and spread the portfolio. From the year to March 2014 he added smartphone games as a third pillar alongside home-console and MMO titles — Dragon Quest Monsters: Super Light (2014), Final Fantasy Brave Exvius (2015) and other live-service mobile games — building monthly recurring revenue that did not hinge on the timing of console releases.

The pivot lifted results. By the year to March 2018 revenue and profit reached post-merger highs, as stabilizing Final Fantasy XIV MMO income and console hits such as Dragon Quest XI (2017) combined with mobile — three sub-segments (HD games, MMO and smart devices) earning at once. It was the diversified ideal, briefly realized.

Even so, the overseas studios never matched headquarters on profitability, lurching between release and non-release years. Matsuda kept in-house HD games at the core of the “Square Enix–like” brand and held off selling the Western studios — a stance reversed only in 2022. The 100% ownership legacy stayed in place, and the structural tension between an in-house-heavy HD pipeline and outside dependence was deferred to the late 2020s.

COVID stay-home demand pushed sales and operating profit to record highs in the year to March 2022, with Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker (December 2021) and mobile live-service titles strong together — the three-segment ideal, at last showing in the numbers. But the boom was short-lived. From the year to March 2023 the HD-games sub-segment stumbled: Forspoken (January 2023) sold poorly, and the flagships that followed — Final Fantasy XVI (June 2023) and Final Fantasy VII Rebirth (February 2024) — fell short of their profit targets, tipping HD games into an operating loss.

In May 2022 Square Enix sold Crystal Dynamics, Eidos and its Montreal studio, together with Tomb Raider, Hitman and Deus Ex, to Sweden’s Embracer Group for $300 million — retiring, thirteen years on, Wada’s 100% ownership strategy. In March 2023 Matsuda stepped down; his successor was Takashi Kiryu, a Dentsu alumnus who had joined as chief strategy officer in 2020. Kiryu inherited two problems: weak HD games and a swelling content-production account at risk of impairment.

Kiryu rebuilt development around business models — HD games, MMO, smart devices — rather than divisions, and in the year to March 2024 booked a content write-off of about $145.2M (¥22bn), clearing projects cancelled under a “quality over quantity” shift. He set a three-year “reboot” plan through March 2027, abandoned PlayStation 5 exclusivity for a multi-platform strategy across PC, Switch and Xbox, and pulled back from blockchain and other side bets toward a disciplined core. The first proof came in November 2024, when the Dragon Quest III remake passed two million units and returned HD games to profit; in October 2025 Square Enix split its stock one-into-three to widen its retail-investor base. Whether the reboot holds now turns on landing new HD games across platforms.