Company history

Meiji began in 1906, when the sugar man Soma Hanji founded Meiji Sugar in Tainan, in Japanese-ruled Taiwan — then an ideal cane-growing colony. But sugar is a business only if something consumes it. Rather than leave that demand to others, Soma helped build the confectionery and dairy trades that would eat his sugar in bulk: Tokyo Confectionery in 1916, later renamed Meiji Seika, and a milk business that became Meiji Dairies. Internalising the demand side by vertical integration — owning the customer, not just the product — set the basic shape of everything that followed.

By 1940 the dairy arm stood on its own as Meiji Dairies, and sugar, confectionery and dairy formed three complete pillars. Then 1945 broke the design in two blows: the postwar dissolution of the zaibatsu severed the capital ties that held the group together, and the vast assets Meiji held in Taiwan were lost in the settlement. The three companies restarted as independent firms and drifted apart for more than sixty years — the ring of vertical integration Soma had drawn, cut open at the moment it was complete.

The pivot that defined the modern company came out of that rubble. A January 1945 air raid gutted Meiji Seika’s Kawasaki plant; in November 1946 the firm chose not to rebuild candy but to start making penicillin in the same fermentation tanks that had cultured confectionery feedstock — identical technology, far higher value amid postwar scarcity. Streptomycin followed in 1950, and in 1958 the home-discovered antibiotic kanamycin, made in-house from bulk drug to finished formulation. A confectioner had become an integrated, research-driven drugmaker — the origin of Meiji’s food-and-pharmaceuticals dual model.

In 1963 Meiji Seika opened its Ashigara bulk-antibiotic plant, with fermentation capacity of 4,500 tonnes — the largest in Japan and among the top five in the world. Where most rivals simply imported foreign drugs and resold them, Meiji chose the heavy path of making everything from bulk compound to finished product itself, trading fixed-cost weight for cost control and quality integration. The result was a twisted structure: confectionery was still about 60% of sales, but roughly 80% of research spending went to pharmaceuticals — steady candy profits quietly funding the drug labs — an arrangement that held for a quarter-century.

The turn came in fiscal 1980, when the confectionery arm posted its first large loss — about ¥3 billion — while the drug arm made ¥6.1 billion. Domestic sweets demand had fallen seven years running, and protected farm policy kept sugar, dairy and flour at two to two-and-a-half times world prices; management pushed rationalisation of candy and concentration on drugs. The third stream, Meiji Dairies, faced its own test in 1990, walking away from a twenty-year tie-up with America’s Borden worth $172.6M (¥25bn) a year — including Lady Borden, with roughly 60% of the home ice-cream market — rather than, in its president’s words, be reduced to a “subcontractor.” It took the short-term pain to win the freedom to build its own brands.

In 2008, after more than sixty years apart, Meiji Seika and Meiji Dairies agreed to merge, driven by a shared problem: a domestic food market that population decline had stopped growing, squeezing both between price wars and dear inputs. In April 2009 the holding company Meiji Holdings was born, with revenue past ¥1 trillion and the “Meiji” brand as the common weapon. But how to bind a drug business and a food business into one strategy was a question left unanswered from the first day.

The 2009 merger was quickly followed by a subtler choice. In the 2011 reorganisation, the food side became Meiji Co. — all confectionery and dairy — while Meiji Seika was recast as Meiji Seika Pharma, a drug specialist. This was less the food-brand synergy told to the public than a decision to keep pharma’s heavy R&D insulated from the food ledger: two unlike legs kept apart, under one shared brand. Through the 2010s the food leg then delivered, its operating profit more than doubling to pass $967.4M (¥103bn) by fiscal 2020 on dairy price revisions and premium, health-positioned lines — probiotic yogurts and premium chocolate among them.

The pharmaceutical leg, meanwhile, placed long bets: Medreich in India (generics, 2015) and KM Biologics in 2018 ($385M (¥43bn)), which added vaccines and infectious disease — the start of a fifteen-year run-up to the next-generation vaccine Kostaive. Kazuo Kawamura, president from 2018, wrapped it in new governance, coining “ROESG” management and a long-range 2036 vision.

Yet scale and efficiency kept diverging. Return on equity spiked to 15.3% in fiscal 2015, then slid back toward 12% — low against global food majors — and a two-legged, multi-plant food conglomerate carried heavy fixed costs while overseas growth (losses in China, no foothold in the US or Europe) lagged. Kawamura himself, on his way out, conceded that food-and-pharma synergy was “still far from enough.”

From 2022 the picture turned harder. Raw-material and energy inflation squeezed the branded-food leg, and the pharmaceutical bet showed its other face: Kostaive, the next-generation replicon vaccine that was Meiji’s clearest claim to high-value health science, drew misinformation-driven public backlash in 2024 and forced an inventory write-down. The health-value pivot that is Meiji’s sharpest edge is, in the drug leg, also its most volatile liability — a smaller, research-heavy business whose swings the food side must absorb.

In June 2025 Katsunari Matsuda took the presidency and moved on two fronts at once: consolidating the domestic plant network and turning around a loss-making China business. Ending production at Shikoku Meiji, halting a Tohoku plant and standing up new lines in Kanagawa and Hokkaido are together meant to cut roughly ¥5 billion in cost; a “NextCareer” separation programme booked a ¥1.1 billion special loss and job-based HR arrived alongside it, with China targeted to break even in fiscal 2026. The question the 2009 merger raised — whether food and medicine truly cohere, and how to lighten a heavy conglomerate frame — is at last being answered not in slogans but in closed factories.