{
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "1951/8",
      "category": "会社設立",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "日本航空株式会社（旧会社）設立",
      "detail": "戦後初の民間航空会社。資本金1億円",
      "significance": "戦後の民間航空復活の象徴。翌年10月から自主運航による国内線定期航空輸送事業を開始",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "資本金1億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "1953/10",
      "category": "会社設立",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "日本航空株式会社法に基づく新会社設立",
      "detail": "旧会社と政府の折半出資で資本金20億円の半官半民会社を設立。旧会社の権利義務を継承",
      "significance": "国策会社として国際線を独占する体制が確立。本邦唯一の国際線定期航空運送事業の免許会社",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "資本金20億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "1954/2",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "東京〜ホノルル〜サンフランシスコ線開設",
      "detail": "本邦企業初の国際線定期輸送を開始",
      "significance": "日本の航空会社による国際線の幕開け",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1960/8",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "初のジェット旅客機DC-8運航開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "ジェット時代への参入",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1961/1",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "欧州",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "北周り欧州線開設",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1961/10",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "証券取引所に上場",
      "detail": "東京・大阪・名古屋の市場第二部に上場",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1964/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "日本航空整備を吸収合併",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "整備部門の内製化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1965/1",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "ジャルパック販売開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1966/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "米州",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "ニューヨーク線開設",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "北米主要都市への直行便就航",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1966/11",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "日本国内航空設立",
      "detail": "日東航空・富士航空・北日本航空の3社合併",
      "significance": "のちの日本エアシステム（JAS）の前身",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1967/3",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "世界一周路線（西回り）開設",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "グローバルネットワークの完成",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1970/7",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "ボーイング747（ジャンボジェット）運航開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "大量輸送時代の到来。国内線・国際線の輸送能力が飛躍的に拡大",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1971/5",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "東亜国内航空設立",
      "detail": "日本国内航空と東亜航空の合併",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1983/1",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "IATA統計で旅客・貨物輸送実績世界一",
      "detail": "1987年まで5年間世界一を維持",
      "significance": "半官半民時代の日本航空の頂点。国際線独占と高度経済成長による需要拡大の帰結",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1987/11",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "完全民営化",
      "detail": "日本航空株式会社法の廃止。国の出資が解消",
      "significance": "中曽根政権の民営化路線の一環。国策会社から民間企業への転換",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1988/1",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "東亜国内航空が日本エアシステム（JAS）に社名変更",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "1993/1",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "マイレージプログラム導入",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2002/10",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "日本エアシステムと経営統合",
      "detail": "株式移転により持株会社・日本航空システムを設立。JASは完全子会社化",
      "significance": "国内航空業界の大型再編。JALとJASの統合で全日本空輸（ANA）との2強体制が形成",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2004/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "事業再編",
      "detail": "JALインターナショナル（国際線）とJALジャパン（国内線）に分離",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2006/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "経常赤字494億円",
      "detail": "FY05。JAS統合後の初の通期決算で大幅赤字",
      "significance": "JAS統合に伴う重複路線・人件費増が収益を圧迫",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "経常赤字▲494億円、純損失▲409億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2007/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "ワンワールドに加盟",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2009/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "経常赤字856億円",
      "detail": "FY08。リーマン・ショックと燃料高騰の影響",
      "significance": "経営破綻に至る収益悪化の加速",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "経常赤字▲856億円、純損失▲656億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2010/1",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 5,
      "event": "会社更生法の適用申立",
      "detail": "JAL・日本航空・ジャルキャピタルの3社が申立。企業再生支援機構が支援決定",
      "significance": "戦後最大の事業会社の経営破綻。半官半民の国策会社体質からの脱却を余儀なくされた",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "負債総額2兆3,200億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2010/2",
      "category": "社長交代",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "稲盛和夫がJAL会長に就任",
      "detail": "京セラ創業者。政府の要請を受けて無報酬で再建を引き受けた",
      "significance": "アメーバ経営とJALフィロソフィの導入により、社員一人ひとりに経営者意識を植え付ける改革を実施",
      "source": ""
    },
    {
      "date": "2011/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "更生計画認可後初の通期決算で営業利益1,884億円",
      "detail": "FY11。大幅なコスト削減と不採算路線撤退の効果",
      "significance": "破綻から1年で世界の航空業界で最も高収益の会社に転換。稲盛改革の成果",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "営業利益1,884億円（経常利益1,976億円）"
    },
    {
      "date": "2011/3",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "株式会社日本航空を吸収合併",
      "detail": "国際線のジャルウェイズ他2社も合併。組織を一本化",
      "significance": "更生計画に基づくグループ再編の完了",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2012/6",
      "category": "社長交代",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "植木義晴が社長就任",
      "detail": "パイロット出身の社長。稲盛改革を継承",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2012/9",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "東京証券取引所市場第一部に再上場",
      "detail": "破綻から2年8ヶ月で再上場",
      "significance": "戦後最大の経営破綻からの異例の短期間での再上場",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018/4",
      "category": "社長交代",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "赤坂祐二が社長就任",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018/5",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "ZIPAIR Tokyo設立",
      "detail": "国際線中長距離LCC。2020年6月に貨物便、10月に旅客便運航開始",
      "significance": "フルサービスキャリアとLCCの二刀流戦略の開始",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2020/1",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "春秋航空日本を子会社化",
      "detail": "2021年11月にスプリング・ジャパンに社名変更",
      "significance": "LCC事業の拡充",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2020/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "コロナ禍で売上収益が前年比66%減",
      "detail": "FY20。売上収益4,812億円、純損失▲2,866億円",
      "significance": "コロナ禍による航空需要の消失。破綻後に積み上げた利益を大きく毀損",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "売上収益4,812億円、純損失▲2,866億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2024/4",
      "category": "社長交代",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "鳥取三津子が社長就任",
      "detail": "JAL初の女性社長。客室乗務員出身・旧JAS出身",
      "significance": "多様性推進と現場視点の経営を象徴する人事",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2025/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "コロナ後初の本格回復",
      "detail": "FY24。売上収益1兆8,440億円、営業利益1,686億円、純利益1,070億円",
      "significance": "売上収益はコロナ前のFY18（1兆4,872億円）を上回り過去最高を更新",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "売上収益1兆8,440億円"
    }
  ]
}