{
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "1997/2",
      "category": "会社設立",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "株式会社エム・ディー・エムを設立",
      "detail": "楽天市場運営を目的に東京都港区愛宕で設立",
      "significance": "日本のEC黎明期にモール型電子商取引の中核企業が誕生",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "資本金1,000万円"
    },
    {
      "date": "1997/5",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "『楽天市場』サービス開始",
      "detail": "月5万円固定料金という破格設定で出店急増の基盤を作った",
      "significance": "ネット通販普及の触媒となり、日本のEC市場を定義づけた出発点",
      "source": ""
    },
    {
      "date": "1999/6",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天株式会社へ商号変更",
      "detail": "エム・ディー・エムから楽天株式会社へ",
      "significance": "サービスブランドと社名を統一し総合ネット企業化の第一歩",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2000/4",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "日本証券業協会店頭登録",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "ITバブル期に黒字ネット企業として上場、後の大型買収原資となった",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "調達額495億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2000/10",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "楽天ブックス・ベターライフテレビ等を子会社化",
      "detail": "インフォキャスト・楽天ブックス（出版販売と共同設立）・楽天TV等",
      "significance": "モール依存からの脱皮を図る布石",
      "source": ""
    },
    {
      "date": "2000/11",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "インフォシークを完全子会社化",
      "detail": "ポータル「Infoseek」運営会社を買収",
      "significance": "ヤフーの台頭に対抗し総合メディア企業化を宣言した大型買収",
      "source": "",
      "amount": "買収額90億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2001/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "『楽天トラベル』サービス開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "旅行予約への進出、経済圏構想の原型",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2002/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "楽天市場の料金体系を従量課金制へ移行",
      "detail": "固定5万円から月商100万円超の店舗に従量課金を導入",
      "significance": "不動産型からフランチャイズ型営業へ転換し第2の創業と呼ばれた",
      "source": ""
    },
    {
      "date": "2002/11",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "『楽天スーパーポイント』サービス開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "ポイント経済圏の基礎を築いた",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2003/9",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "マイトリップ・ネット（旅の窓口）を子会社化",
      "detail": "宿泊予約サイト運営会社を買収",
      "significance": "旅行EC首位の座を獲得し三本柱化の一角",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2003/11",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 4,
      "event": "DLJディレクトSFG証券（現楽天証券）を子会社化",
      "detail": "ショッピング・旅行・金融の三本柱体制を構築",
      "significance": "ノータッチモデルの金融事業進出で楽天経済圏構想の原型を確立",
      "source": "",
      "amount": "短期間で旅行・証券合計600億円超投資"
    },
    {
      "date": "2004/9",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "あおぞらカード（現楽天カード）を子会社化",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "カード事業進出でフィンテック基盤を強化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2004/11",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス新規参入承認",
      "detail": "NPBによる新球団承認",
      "significance": "球団保有で全国ブランド認知を獲得",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2004/12",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "ジャスダック証券取引所に上場",
      "detail": "店頭登録から本則市場へ",
      "significance": "本則市場上場によりガバナンスと資金調達力を強化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2005/9",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "米州",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "LinkShare Corporation（現Rakuten Marketing）を子会社化",
      "detail": "米アフィリエイトネットワーク",
      "significance": "米国市場への足掛かり",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2007/8",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "フュージョン・コミュニケーションズを子会社化",
      "detail": "IP電話事業運営会社",
      "significance": "後のモバイル事業参入の通信インフラ基盤",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2008/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "初の純損失を計上",
      "detail": "米TVショッピング事業減損等",
      "significance": "海外投資の減損処理で創業以来初の赤字、経営の転換点",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "純損失▲549億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2009/2",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "イーバンク銀行（現楽天銀行）を子会社化",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "ネット銀行取得で金融事業の中核が完成",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2010/1",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "ビットワレット（現楽天Edy）を子会社化",
      "detail": "電子マネー事業",
      "significance": "電子マネー取得でキャッシュレス決済の布石",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2010/7",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "欧州",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "フランスPriceMinisterを子会社化",
      "detail": "欧州EC",
      "significance": "欧州EC進出の足掛かり",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2011/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "純損失に転落",
      "detail": "海外EC事業減損等",
      "significance": "海外EC展開の収益性課題が表面化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "純損失▲11億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2012/1",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "Kobo Inc.を子会社化",
      "detail": "グローバル電子書籍",
      "significance": "電子書籍のグローバル展開",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2012/10",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "アイリオ生命（現楽天生命保険）を子会社化",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "生命保険事業に進出、金融領域を拡大",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2013/12",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "東証一部へ市場変更",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "プライム企業としての地位確立",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2014/3",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "Viber Mediaを子会社化",
      "detail": "モバイルメッセージング・VoIP",
      "significance": "コミュニケーションアプリ取得でモバイル・メッセージング領域へ本格進出",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "買収額約900億円規模"
    },
    {
      "date": "2014/10",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "米州",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "Ebatesを子会社化",
      "detail": "北米最大級オンラインキャッシュバック",
      "significance": "北米市場本格参入の要となる大型買収",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "買収額約1,000億円規模"
    },
    {
      "date": "2014/10",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "『楽天モバイル』MVNO提供開始",
      "detail": "携帯電話サービスに本格参入",
      "significance": "後のMNO参入の布石となるモバイル事業進出",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2017/12",
      "category": "経営計画",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "携帯キャリア（MNO）参入方針を発表",
      "detail": "第4のMNOとして新規参入",
      "significance": "既存3キャリア体制に挑む業界秩序への挑戦",
      "source": "IR"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018/3",
      "category": "企業買収",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "朝日火災海上（現楽天損害保険）を子会社化",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "損保分野進出でフィンテック領域を完成",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2019/10",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 5,
      "event": "『楽天モバイル』MNOサービス開始",
      "detail": "第4のMNOとして自社回線提供開始",
      "significance": "携帯料金の大幅引き下げを実現し業界構造を変革",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2019/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "純損失に転落",
      "detail": "楽天モバイル先行投資負担",
      "significance": "MNO参入に伴う巨額先行投資フェーズへ突入",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "純損失▲319億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2020/9",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天モバイル5Gサービス開始",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "全国網整備と同時に5G展開",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2020/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "純損失▲1,142億円",
      "detail": "モバイル基地局投資拡大",
      "significance": "モバイル先行投資で赤字が恒常化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "純損失▲1,142億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2021/4",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天グループ株式会社へ社名変更",
      "detail": "持株会社体制への移行を示唆",
      "significance": "グループ経営体制の明確化",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2021/8",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "Rakuten Symphonyを始動",
      "detail": "通信プラットフォーム事業組織",
      "significance": "O-RAN技術の外販事業化、グローバル通信ベンダーへの挑戦",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2022/4",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "東証プライム市場へ移行",
      "detail": "市場区分見直しに伴う",
      "significance": "",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2022/10",
      "category": "業務提携",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天証券HDとみずほ証券が資本業務提携",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "証券事業の競争力強化のための戦略的提携",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2022/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "純損失▲3,729億円",
      "detail": "モバイル累積赤字拡大",
      "significance": "過去最大の赤字、財務健全性への懸念が高まる",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "純損失▲3,729億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2023/4",
      "category": "株式上場",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天銀行が東証プライムに上場",
      "detail": "子会社単独上場",
      "significance": "資産マネタイゼーションによる財務改善策",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2023/10",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "プラチナバンド700MHz帯の割当認定",
      "detail": "特定基地局開設計画認定",
      "significance": "人口カバレッジ改善の大きな追い風",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2023/11",
      "category": "組織再編",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 1,
      "event": "楽天ペイメントと楽天カードを統合",
      "detail": "総合キャッシュレス決済カンパニー再編",
      "significance": "決済機能一体化でシナジー最大化",
      "source": "IR"
    },
    {
      "date": "2024/11",
      "category": "業務提携",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 2,
      "event": "楽天カードとみずほFGが資本業務提携",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "金融事業の戦略的再編、みずほ連合の形成",
      "source": "有価証券報告書"
    },
    {
      "date": "2025/3",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "楽天モバイルがEBITDA黒字化達成",
      "detail": "Q1/25に税控除後EBITDA黒字化",
      "significance": "MNO参入から5年半で黒字転換の道筋が確立",
      "source": "IR",
      "amount": "EBITDA約1億円"
    },
    {
      "date": "2025/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "楽天モバイル契約回線数1,000万突破",
      "detail": "",
      "significance": "MNOとしての事業基盤確立、先行投資フェーズ脱却",
      "source": "有価証券報告書",
      "amount": "1,000万回線"
    },
    {
      "date": "2025/12",
      "category": "",
      "region": "",
      "importance": 3,
      "event": "2年連続営業黒字を確保",
      "detail": "新規獲得費除くEBITDA約900億円",
      "significance": "モバイル先行投資が実を結び収益フェーズへ移行",
      "source": "IR",
      "amount": "営業利益144億円"
    }
  ]
}